新能源汽車的產品類型
2023-07-12
新能源汽車包括純電動汽車、增程式電動汽車、混合動力汽車、燃料電池電動汽車、氫發動機汽車等。
折疊純電(dian)動汽車
純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(Blade Electric Vehicles，BEV)是一種采用單一蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)作(zuo)為儲能(neng)動(dong)(dong)力源的汽(qi)車(che)(che)，它利用蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)作(zuo)為儲能(neng)動(dong)(dong)力源，通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機提(ti)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機運轉(zhuan)，從(cong)而推動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)行(xing)駛。純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)的可(ke)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)主要有鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)等，這些電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)以提(ti)供純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)動(dong)(dong)力。同時(shi)，純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)也(ye)通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)來儲存(cun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機運轉(zhuan)，讓車(che)(che)輛正常行(xing)駛。
折疊混合(he)動力汽車
混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)力(li)汽車(che)(Hybrid Electric Vehicle，HEV)，它的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)驅動(dong)(dong)系(xi)(xi)統由(you)至少兩個(ge)(ge)能同(tong)時(shi)運(yun)轉(zhuan)的(de)單個(ge)(ge)驅動(dong)(dong)系(xi)(xi)統組合 而成(cheng)的(de)汽車(che)，混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)力(li)汽車(che)的(de)行駛功(gong)率主(zhu)要(yao)取決于混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)力(li)汽車(che)的(de)車(che)輛行駛狀態(tai):一種(zhong)是由(you)單個(ge)(ge)驅動(dong)(dong)系(xi)(xi)統單獨提供;第二種(zhong)是通(tong)過多個(ge)(ge)驅動(dong)(dong)系(xi)(xi)統共同(tong)提供。
折疊燃(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動汽車
燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle，FCEV)，在(zai)催(cui)化劑的作(zuo)(zuo)用下，燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車用氫氣、甲(jia)醇(chun)、天然氣、 汽(qi)油等作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)反應物(wu)與空氣中(zhong)的氧在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池中(zhong)反應，進而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)為(wei)(wei)汽(qi)車提供(gong)動(dong)力源。本質上(shang)來說，燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車也屬于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車之一(yi)，在(zai)很多性能(neng)和設計方面和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車都有很多相似(si)之處，將(jiang)(jiang)其分為(wei)(wei)兩類是由(you)于燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車是將(jiang)(jiang)氫、甲(jia)醇(chun)、 天然氣、汽(qi)油等通過化學反應能(neng)轉化成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，而(er)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車是靠充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)補充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。
折(zhe)疊(die)氫發動機汽車
氫(qing)(qing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)車(che)(Hydrogen Powered Vehicle，簡稱 HPV)， 主要是以氫(qing)(qing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)燃料(liao)電池為燃料(liao)，氫(qing)(qing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)車(che)新能源(yuan)汽(qi)車(che)中(zhong)環境(jing)友好型的汽(qi)車(che)，可(ke)以實(shi)現零污、零排放。然而，氫(qing)(qing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)車(che)生(sheng)(sheng)產成本過多，氫(qing)(qing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)車(che)的成本比(bi)傳統燃油(you)汽(qi)車(che)的成本多出 20%，并且氫(qing)(qing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)汽(qi)車(che)的電池成本很高，在(zai)實(shi)際(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)產中(zhong)受(shou)到儲(chu)存及運(yun)輸條(tiao)件的限制，很難實(shi)際(ji)應用(yong)。
折疊增程式電動汽車
增(zeng)程式(shi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(Extended Range Electric Vehicle，簡稱 EREV)與電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)相似，通過(guo)電(dian)池向電(dian)機(ji)提(ti)供動(dong)(dong)能，驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)機(ji)運轉，從(cong)而推動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)行駛。然而，增(zeng)程式(shi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)在(zai)車(che)(che)(che)身 中配有一個汽(qi)(qi)油或柴油發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)，在(zai)增(zeng)程式(shi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)電(dian)池電(dian)量(liang)過(guo)低的情況(kuang)下(xia)，駕駛員可以利用這個發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)為增(zeng)程式(shi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)進(jin) 行電(dian)量(liang)補充。
折疊甲醇(chun)汽車
用甲(jia)醇代替石油燃料的汽車。
折疊(die)氣動(dong)汽車(che)
壓縮空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)動力汽車(che)(che) (Airpoweerdvehiele一(yi)APV)， 簡稱氣(qi)(qi)動汽車(che)(che)，利用高壓壓縮空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)為(wei)動力源 , 將壓縮空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)存(cun)儲(chu) 的壓力能轉化為(wei)其(qi)他形式的機械能，從而驅動汽車(che)(che)運行。從理(li)論上來說，液態空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)和液氮等吸(xi)熱膨脹作功為(wei)動力的其(qi)他氣(qi)(qi)體動力汽車(che)(che)，也應屬于氣(qi)(qi)動汽車(che)(che)的范疇。
折疊飛輪儲(chu)能(neng)汽車
車(che)輛(liang)(liang)減速(su)(su)滑行(xing)或制動(dong)減速(su)(su)過程中車(che)輛(liang)(liang)的(de)部(bu)分動(dong)能(neng)或者重力勢(shi)能(neng)轉化成(cheng)其他形式的(de)能(neng)量存儲到高速(su)(su)飛(fei)輪之中以備車(che)輛(liang)(liang)驅動(dong)使(shi)用的(de)過程。飛(fei)輪使(shi)用磁懸(xuan)浮(fu)方式，在70000r/min的(de)高速(su)(su)下旋轉。在混(hun)合動(dong)力汽(qi)車(che)上作為輔助，優點是(shi)可提(ti)高能(neng)源使(shi)用效(xiao)率、重量輕儲能(neng)高、能(neng)量進出反應快、維(wei)護少壽命長，缺點是(shi)成(cheng)本高、機(ji)動(dong)車(che)轉向(xiang)會受飛(fei)輪陀螺效(xiao)應的(de)影響。
折疊(die)超級電容(rong)汽車
超級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器是利用雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)原理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器。在(zai)超級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩板上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場作用下，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)界(jie)面上(shang)形成相反的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)，以平(ping)衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場，這種正(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)與負電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)在(zai)兩個不同相之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)觸面上(shang)，以正(zheng)負電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)之間(jian)短(duan)間(jian)隙排(pai)列在(zai)相反的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置上(shang)，這個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)分布(bu)層(ceng)叫做雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)，因此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量非常大。(2010上(shang)海(hai)世博(bo)會園區世博(bo)專線已使(shi)用此車) 超級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)與蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)完全(quan)可(ke)以滿足車輛行(xing)駛(shi)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能 量需求，并且可(ke)以緩沖(chong)瞬時(shi)大功率(lv)對儲能系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)擊，延長(chang)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用壽命。并且，超級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)可(ke)以瞬時(shi)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，能夠更的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回饋能量。
折疊純電(dian)動汽車
純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(Blade Electric Vehicles，BEV)是一種采用單一蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)作(zuo)為儲能(neng)動(dong)(dong)力源的汽(qi)車(che)(che)，它利用蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)作(zuo)為儲能(neng)動(dong)(dong)力源，通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機提(ti)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機運轉(zhuan)，從(cong)而推動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)行(xing)駛。純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)的可(ke)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)主要有鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)等，這些電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可(ke)以提(ti)供純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)動(dong)(dong)力。同時(shi)，純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)也(ye)通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)來儲存(cun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機運轉(zhuan)，讓車(che)(che)輛正常行(xing)駛。
折疊混合(he)動力汽車
混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)力(li)汽車(che)(Hybrid Electric Vehicle，HEV)，它的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)驅動(dong)(dong)系(xi)(xi)統由(you)至少兩個(ge)(ge)能同(tong)時(shi)運(yun)轉(zhuan)的(de)單個(ge)(ge)驅動(dong)(dong)系(xi)(xi)統組合 而成(cheng)的(de)汽車(che)，混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)力(li)汽車(che)的(de)行駛功(gong)率主(zhu)要(yao)取決于混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)力(li)汽車(che)的(de)車(che)輛行駛狀態(tai):一種(zhong)是由(you)單個(ge)(ge)驅動(dong)(dong)系(xi)(xi)統單獨提供;第二種(zhong)是通(tong)過多個(ge)(ge)驅動(dong)(dong)系(xi)(xi)統共同(tong)提供。
折疊燃(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動汽車
燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle，FCEV)，在(zai)催(cui)化劑的作(zuo)(zuo)用下，燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車用氫氣、甲(jia)醇(chun)、天然氣、 汽(qi)油等作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)反應物(wu)與空氣中(zhong)的氧在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池中(zhong)反應，進而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)為(wei)(wei)汽(qi)車提供(gong)動(dong)力源。本質上(shang)來說，燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車也屬于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車之一(yi)，在(zai)很多性能(neng)和設計方面和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車都有很多相似(si)之處，將(jiang)(jiang)其分為(wei)(wei)兩類是由(you)于燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車是將(jiang)(jiang)氫、甲(jia)醇(chun)、 天然氣、汽(qi)油等通過化學反應能(neng)轉化成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，而(er)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車是靠充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)補充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。
折(zhe)疊(die)氫發動機汽車
氫(qing)(qing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)車(che)(Hydrogen Powered Vehicle，簡稱 HPV)， 主要是以氫(qing)(qing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)燃料(liao)電池為燃料(liao)，氫(qing)(qing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)車(che)新能源(yuan)汽(qi)車(che)中(zhong)環境(jing)友好型的汽(qi)車(che)，可(ke)以實(shi)現零污、零排放。然而，氫(qing)(qing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)車(che)生(sheng)(sheng)產成本過多，氫(qing)(qing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)車(che)的成本比(bi)傳統燃油(you)汽(qi)車(che)的成本多出 20%，并且氫(qing)(qing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)汽(qi)車(che)的電池成本很高，在(zai)實(shi)際(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)產中(zhong)受(shou)到儲(chu)存及運(yun)輸條(tiao)件的限制，很難實(shi)際(ji)應用(yong)。
折疊增程式電動汽車
增(zeng)程式(shi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(Extended Range Electric Vehicle，簡稱 EREV)與電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)相似，通過(guo)電(dian)池向電(dian)機(ji)提(ti)供動(dong)(dong)能，驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)機(ji)運轉，從(cong)而推動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)行駛。然而，增(zeng)程式(shi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)在(zai)車(che)(che)(che)身 中配有一個汽(qi)(qi)油或柴油發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)，在(zai)增(zeng)程式(shi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)電(dian)池電(dian)量(liang)過(guo)低的情況(kuang)下(xia)，駕駛員可以利用這個發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)為增(zeng)程式(shi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)進(jin) 行電(dian)量(liang)補充。
折疊甲醇(chun)汽車
用甲(jia)醇代替石油燃料的汽車。
折疊(die)氣動(dong)汽車(che)
壓縮空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)動力汽車(che)(che) (Airpoweerdvehiele一(yi)APV)， 簡稱氣(qi)(qi)動汽車(che)(che)，利用高壓壓縮空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)為(wei)動力源 , 將壓縮空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)存(cun)儲(chu) 的壓力能轉化為(wei)其(qi)他形式的機械能，從而驅動汽車(che)(che)運行。從理(li)論上來說，液態空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)和液氮等吸(xi)熱膨脹作功為(wei)動力的其(qi)他氣(qi)(qi)體動力汽車(che)(che)，也應屬于氣(qi)(qi)動汽車(che)(che)的范疇。
折疊飛輪儲(chu)能(neng)汽車
車(che)輛(liang)(liang)減速(su)(su)滑行(xing)或制動(dong)減速(su)(su)過程中車(che)輛(liang)(liang)的(de)部(bu)分動(dong)能(neng)或者重力勢(shi)能(neng)轉化成(cheng)其他形式的(de)能(neng)量存儲到高速(su)(su)飛(fei)輪之中以備車(che)輛(liang)(liang)驅動(dong)使(shi)用的(de)過程。飛(fei)輪使(shi)用磁懸(xuan)浮(fu)方式，在70000r/min的(de)高速(su)(su)下旋轉。在混(hun)合動(dong)力汽(qi)車(che)上作為輔助，優點是(shi)可提(ti)高能(neng)源使(shi)用效(xiao)率、重量輕儲能(neng)高、能(neng)量進出反應快、維(wei)護少壽命長，缺點是(shi)成(cheng)本高、機(ji)動(dong)車(che)轉向(xiang)會受飛(fei)輪陀螺效(xiao)應的(de)影響。
折疊(die)超級電容(rong)汽車
超級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器是利用雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)原理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器。在(zai)超級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩板上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場作用下，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)界(jie)面上(shang)形成相反的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)，以平(ping)衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場，這種正(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)與負電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)在(zai)兩個不同相之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)觸面上(shang)，以正(zheng)負電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)之間(jian)短(duan)間(jian)隙排(pai)列在(zai)相反的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置上(shang)，這個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)分布(bu)層(ceng)叫做雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)，因此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量非常大。(2010上(shang)海(hai)世博(bo)會園區世博(bo)專線已使(shi)用此車) 超級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)與蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)完全(quan)可(ke)以滿足車輛行(xing)駛(shi)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能 量需求，并且可(ke)以緩沖(chong)瞬時(shi)大功率(lv)對儲能系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)擊，延長(chang)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用壽命。并且，超級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)可(ke)以瞬時(shi)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，能夠更的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回饋能量。
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